The integration of Cannabidiol (CBD) into veterinary clinical practice represents one of the most discussed and promising innovations of recent years. Despite the regulatory complexity, scientific evidence confirms its effectiveness in specific areas, from chronic pain management to support for refractory epilepsy.
Section I: Mechanism of Action and Security
1.1 The Endocannabinoid System (ECS)
CBD acts on the Endocannabinoid System, a network of receptors (CB1 and CB2) present in all mammals that regulates the homeostasis of pain, mood, appetite and immune response. In dogs, the density of receptors in the cerebellum and brainstem is particularly high, which explains their marked sensitivity to cannabinoids.
1.2 The Difference Between CBD and THC
It is crucial to distinguish CBD from THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol). While CBD is non-psychoactive and safe, THC is toxic to small animals, being able to cause ataxia, disorientation, and, in high doses, serious neurological complications. For this reason, veterinary products must have no or less THC content than 0.3%.
Section II: Italian Regulatory Framework 2025-2026
The legal context in Italy has undergone a decisive turning point with the Security Decree of 2025 and the related rulings of the Lazio Regional Administrative Court”.
- Classification: Compositions for oral use based on CBD obtained from cannabis extracts have been included in Section B of the ”Table of Narcotic Medicines ”.
- Prescription obligation: It is no longer legal to purchase extractive CBD oils as “supplements” or “cosmetics” for oral use. Administration requires a non-repeatable Electronic Veterinary Prescription (REV) ”.
- Galenic preparations: The veterinarian can prescribe magistral preparations (galenics) prepared by the pharmacist in the pharmacy, thus guaranteeing the purity of the active ingredient and the absence of contaminants ”.
Section III: Dosing Protocols by Pathology
The dosage is not standard, but must be customized according to the rule of ‘Start Low, Go Slow’ ‘.
3.1 Osteoarthritis and Chronic Pain
Studies by Cornell University have shown that CBD significantly reduces pain and improves mobility.
- Dog Dosage: 2 mg/kg orally, twice daily (BID)”.
- Results: Improvements usually visible within 2-4 weeks”.
3.2 Refractory idiopathic epilepsy
Research from Colorado State University has shown a reduction in seizures in 89% of those treated.
- Dog Dosage: Start with 2.5 mg/kg BID, with the possibility of titration up to 4.5 mg/kg or higher in complex cases, under close monitoring of liver parameters”.
3.3 Anxiety (Acute and Chronic)
Useful for noise phobias or separation anxiety”.
- Acute Anxiety: 1.4 mg/kg administered 2 hours before the stressful event (e.g. fireworks) ”.
- Chronic anxiety: 0.5 – 2 mg/kg per day, although the evidence is still being consolidated”.
3.4 Cat Specifications
Cats have a more sensitive metabolism and metabolize CBD more slowly than dogs.”
- Cat Dosage: 0.2 – 0.5 mg/kg per day (up to 1 mg/kg BID for severe chronic pain)”.
- Note: Absolutely avoid products containing terpenes, which can be irritating to felines ”.
Section IV: Monitoring and Security
- Side effects: Drowsiness, dry mouth and occasional gastrointestinal disturbances (mild diarrhoea) are the most common symptoms in the event of an overdose.
- Liver Health: CBD can cause an increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the blood. It is essential to perform periodic blood tests to monitor liver function ”.
- Drug interactions: CBD can interfere with the metabolism of antiepileptic drugs (e.g. phenobarbital), NSAIDs or steroids. It is recommended to space the administration of CBD from other drugs by at least 2 hours”.
Conclusion
The use of CBD in veterinary medicine in 2026 requires a rigorous medical approach. The transition from the free market to pharmaceutical and veterinary control ensures greater safety for the animal, eliminating the risks associated with poor quality or contaminated products.
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